Grand Tribunal - User contributions [en-gb]

Help:Formatting

2012-11-10T23:19:41Z

Jasper Deng: Reverted edits by 62.169.124.193 (talk) to last revision by 38.98.177.132

{{PD Help Page}}

You can format your text by using wiki markup. This consists of normal characters like asterisks, single quotes or equal signs which have a special function in the wiki, sometimes depending on their position. For example, to format a word in ''italic'', you include it in two pairs of single quotes like <code><nowiki>''this''</nowiki></code>.

== Text formatting markup ==

{| class="wikitable"
! Description
! width=40% | You type
! width=40% | You get
|-
! colspan="3" style="background:#ABE" | character (inline) formatting – ''applies anywhere''
|-
| Italic text
| <pre>
''italic''
</pre>
|
''italic''
|-
| Bold text
| <pre>
'''bold'''
</pre>
|
'''bold'''
|-
| Bold and italic
| <pre>
'''''bold & italic'''''
</pre>
|
'''''bold & italic'''''
|-
| Strike text
| <pre>
<strike> strike text </strike>
</pre>
|<strike> strike text </strike>
|-
| Escape wiki markup
| <pre>
<nowiki>no ''markup''</nowiki>
</pre>
|
<nowiki>no ''markup''</nowiki>
|-
| Escape wiki markup once
| <pre>
[[API]]<nowiki/>extension
</pre>
|
[[API]]<nowiki/>extension
|-
! colspan="3" style="background:#ABE" | section formatting – ''only at the beginning of the line''
|-
| Headings of different levels
| <pre>

== Level 2 ==

=== Level 3 ===

==== Level 4 ====

===== Level 5 =====

====== Level 6 ======

</pre>
----
{{note|
* [[Help_talk:Formatting#Level_1|Skip Level 1]], it is page name level.
* An article with 4 or more headings automatically creates a [[wikipedia:Wikipedia:Section#Table of contents (TOC)|table of contents]].
}}
|

== Level 2 ==

=== Level 3 ===

==== Level 4 ====

===== Level 5 =====

====== Level 6 ======

|-
| Horizontal rule
| <pre>
Text above
----
Text below
</pre>
|
Text above
----
Text below
|-
| Bullet list
|
<pre>
* Start each line
* with an [[Wikipedia:asterisk|asterisk]] (*).
** More asterisks gives deeper
*** and deeper levels.
* Line breaks don't break levels.
*** But jumping levels creates empty space.
Any other start ends the list.
</pre>
|
* Start each line
* with an [[Wikipedia:asterisk|asterisk]] (*).
** More asterisks gives deeper
*** and deeper levels.
* Line breaks don't break levels.
*** But jumping levels creates empty space.
Any other start ends the list.
|-
| Numbered list
|
<pre>
# Start each line
# with a [[Wikipedia:Number_sign|number sign]] (#).
## More number signs gives deeper
### and deeper
### levels.
# Line breaks don't break levels.
### But jumping levels creates empty space.
# Blank lines

# end the list and start another.
Any other start also
ends the list.
</pre>
|
# Start each line
# with a [[Wikipedia:Number_sign|number sign]] (#).
## More number signs gives deeper
### and deeper
### levels.
# Line breaks don't break levels.
### But jumping levels creates empty space.
# Blank lines

# end the list and start another.
Any other start also
ends the list.
|-
| Definition list
| <pre>
;item 1
: definition 1
;item 2
: definition 2-1
: definition 2-2
</pre>
|
;item 1
: definition 1
;item 2
: definition 2-1
: definition 2-2
|-
| Indent text
| <pre>
: Single indent
:: Double indent
::::: Multiple indent
</pre>
----
{{Note|This workaround may be controversial from the viewpoint of accessibility.}}
|
: Single indent
:: Double indent
::::: Multiple indent
|-
| Mixture of different types of list
|
<pre>
# one
# two
#* two point one
#* two point two
# three
#; three item one
#: three def one
# four
#: four def one
#: this looks like a continuation
#: and is often used
#: instead of <nowiki> </nowiki>
# five
## five sub 1
### five sub 1 sub 1
## five sub 2
</pre>
----
{{note|The usage of <code>#:</code> and <code>*:</code> for breaking a line within an item may also be controversial.}}
|
# one
# two
#* two point one
#* two point two
# three
#; three item one
#: three def one
# four
#: four def one
#: this looks like a continuation
#: and is often used
#: instead of <nowiki> </nowiki>
# five
## five sub 1
### five sub 1 sub 1
## five sub 2{{anchor|pre}}
|-
| Preformatted text
| <pre>
Start each line with a space.
Text is '''preformatted''' and
''markups'' '''''can''''' be done.
</pre>
----
{{note|This way of preformatting only applies to section formatting. Character formatting markups are still effective.}}
|
Start each line with a space.
Text is '''preformatted''' and
''markups'' '''''can''''' be done.
|-
| Preformatted text blocks
| <pre> <nowiki><nowiki>Start with a space in the first column,
(before the <nowiki>).

Then your block format will be
maintained.

This is good for copying in code blocks:

def function():
"""documentation string"""

if True:
print True
else:
print False</nowiki></nowiki>
</pre>
|
<nowiki>Start with a space in the first column,
(before the <nowiki>).

Then your block format will be
maintained.

This is good for copying in code blocks:

def function():
"""documentation string"""

if True:
print True
else:
print False</nowiki>
|}

== Paragraphs ==

MediaWiki ignores single line breaks. To start a new paragraph, leave an empty line. You can force a line break within a paragraph with the HTML tag <code> </code>.

== HTML tags ==

Some [[wikipedia:HTML|HTML]] tags are allowed in MediaWiki, for example <code><code></code>, <code><div></code>, <code><nowiki></nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki></nowiki></code>. These apply anywhere you insert them.

{| class="wikitable"
! Description
! width=40% | You type
! width=40% | You get
|-
| Inserted (Displays as underline in most browsers.)
| <pre>
<ins>Inserted</ins>

or

Underline
</pre>
|
<ins>Inserted</ins>

or

Underline
|-
| Deleted (Displays as strikethrough in most browsers.)
| <pre>
<del>Deleted</del>

or

Deleted
</pre>
|
<del>Deleted</del>

or

Deleted
|-
| Fixed width text
| <pre>
<code>Source code</code>

or

<tt>Fixed width text</tt>
</pre>
|
<code>Source code</code>

or

<tt>Fixed width text</tt>
|-
| Blockquotes
| <pre>
text above
text above
<blockquote>blockquote</blockquote>
text below
text below
</pre>
|
text above
text above
<blockquote>blockquote</blockquote>
text below
text below
|-
| Comment
| <pre>

Comments are only visible
in the edit window.
</pre>
|

Comments are only visible
in the edit window.
|-
| Completely preformatted text
| <pre>
<pre> Text is '''preformatted''' and
''markups'' '''''cannot''''' be done</pre>
</pre>
----
{{note|For marking up of preformatted text, check the "Preformatted text" entry at the bottom of the previous table.}}
|
<pre> Text is '''preformatted''' and
''markups'' '''''cannot''''' be done</pre>
|-
| '''Customized''' preformatted text
| <pre>
<pre style="color:red">
Text is '''preformatted'''
with a style and
''markups'' '''''cannot''''' be done
</pre>
</pre>
----
{{note|A CSS style can be named within the <code>style</code> property.}}
|
<pre style="color:red">
Text is '''preformatted'''
with a style and
''markups'' '''''cannot''''' be done
</pre>
|-
| '''Customized''' preformatted text with text wrap according to screen width
| <pre>
<pre style="white-space: pre-wrap;
white-space: -moz-pre-wrap;
white-space: -pre-wrap;
white-space: -o-pre-wrap;
word-wrap: break-word">
This longer sentence is used to demonstrate text wrapping.
</pre>
</pre>
|
<pre style="white-space: pre-wrap;
white-space: -moz-pre-wrap;
white-space: -pre-wrap;
white-space: -o-pre-wrap;
word-wrap: break-word">
This longer sentence is used to demonstrate text wrapping.
</pre>
|-
| Preformatted text with text wrap according to screen width
| <pre>
<code>
This longer sentence is used to demonstrate text wrapping.
</code>
</pre>
| <code>
This longer sentence is used to demonstrate text wrapping.
</code>
|}

== Inserting symbols ==

Symbols and other special characters not available on your keyboard can be inserted through a special sequence of characters. Those sequences are called HTML entities. For example, the following sequence (entity) '''&rarr;''' when inserted will be shown as <ins>right arrow</ins> HTML symbol → and '''&mdash;''' when inserted will be shown as an <ins>em dash</ins> HTML symbol —
----
{{note|Hover any character to find out the symbol that produces it. Some symbols not available in the current font will appear as empty squares.}}

{| class="wikitable" align=center width=100%
! colspan=32 | HTML symbol entities
|- align=center
| '''Á
| '''á
| '''Â
| '''â
| '''´
| '''Æ
| '''æ
| '''À
| '''à
| '''&alefsym;
| '''Α
| '''α
| '''&
| '''&and;
| '''&ang;
| '''Å
| '''å
| '''≈
| '''Ã
| '''ã
| '''Ä
| '''ä
| '''&bdquo;
| '''Β
| '''β
| '''¦
| '''•
| '''∩
| '''Ç
| '''ç
| '''¸
| '''¢
|- align=center
| '''Χ
| '''χ
| '''&circ;
| '''&clubs;
| '''&cong;
| '''©
| '''&crarr;
| '''∪
| '''¤
| '''&dagger;
| '''&Dagger;
| '''↓
| '''&dArr;
| '''°
| '''Δ
| '''δ
| '''&diams;
| '''÷
| '''É
| '''é
| '''Ê
| '''ê
| '''È
| '''è
| '''∅
| '''&emsp;
| '''&ensp;
| '''Ε
| '''ε
| '''&equiv;
| '''Η
| '''η
|- align=center
| '''Ð
| '''ð
| '''Ë
| '''ë
| '''€
| '''∃
| '''&fnof;
| '''∀
| '''½
| '''¼
| '''¾
| '''&frasl;
| '''Γ
| '''γ
| '''≥
| '''>
| '''↔
| '''⇔
| '''&hearts;
| '''…
| '''Í
| '''í
| '''Î
| '''î
| '''¡
| '''Ì
| '''ì
| '''&image;
| '''∞
| '''∫
| '''Ι
| '''ι
|- align=center
| '''¿
| '''∈
| '''Ï
| '''ï
| '''Κ
| '''κ
| '''Λ
| '''λ
| '''&lang;
| '''«
| '''←
| '''⇐
| '''&lceil;
| '''“
| '''≤
| '''&lfloor;
| '''&lowast;
| '''&loz;
| '''&lrm;
| '''&lsaquo;
| '''‘
| '''<
| '''¯
| '''—
| '''µ
| '''·
| '''−
| '''Μ
| '''μ
| '''∇
| ''' 
| '''–
|- align=center
| '''≠
| '''&ni;
| '''¬
| '''∉
| '''&nsub;
| '''Ñ
| '''ñ
| '''Ν
| '''ν
| '''Ó
| '''ó
| '''Ô
| '''ô
| '''&OElig;
| '''&oelig;
| '''Ò
| '''ò
| '''&oline;
| '''Ω
| '''ω
| '''Ο
| '''ο
| '''&oplus;
| '''&or;
| '''ª
| '''º
| '''Ø
| '''ø
| '''Õ
| '''õ
| '''&otimes;
| '''Ö
|- align=center
| '''ö
| '''¶
| '''∂
| '''&permil;
| '''&perp;
| '''Φ
| '''φ
| '''Π
| '''π
| '''ϖ
| '''±
| '''£
| '''′
| '''″
| '''∏
| '''&prop;
| '''Ψ
| '''ψ
| '''"
| '''√
| '''&rang;
| '''»
| '''→
| '''⇒
| '''&rceil;
| '''”
| '''&real;
| '''®
| '''&rfloor;
| '''Ρ
| '''ρ
| '''&rlm;
|- align=center
| '''&rsaquo;
| '''’
| '''&sbquo;
| '''&Scaron;
| '''&scaron;
| '''⋅
| '''§
| '''
| '''Σ
| '''σ
| '''&sigmaf;
| '''&sim;
| '''&spades;
| '''⊂
| '''&sube;
| '''∑
| '''⊃
| '''¹
| '''²
| '''³
| '''&supe;
| '''ß
| '''Τ
| '''τ
| '''&there4;
| '''Θ
| '''θ
| '''&thetasym;
| ''' 
| '''Þ
| '''þ
| '''&tilde;
|- align=center
| '''×
| '''™
| '''Ú
| '''ú
| '''↑
| '''&uArr;
| '''Û
| '''û
| '''Ù
| '''ù
| '''¨
| '''&upsih;
| '''Υ
| '''υ
| '''Ü
| '''ü
| '''&weierp;
| '''Ξ
| '''ξ
| '''Ý
| '''ý
| '''¥
| '''ÿ
| '''&Yuml;
| '''Ζ
| '''ζ
| '''&zwj;
| '''&zwnj;'''
|}

{| class="wikitable"
! Description
! width=40% | You type
! width=40% | You get
|-
| Copyright symbol
| <tt><pre>
&copy;
</pre></tt>
|
:::'''©'''
|-
| Greek delta letter symbol
| <tt><pre>
&delta;
</pre></tt>
|
:::'''δ'''
|-
| Euro currency symbol
| <tt><pre>
&euro;
</pre></tt>
|
:::'''€'''
|}

See the list of all HTML entities on the Wikipedia article [[w:List of HTML entities|List of HTML entities]]. Additionally, MediaWiki supports two non-standard entity reference sequences: <code>&רלמ;</code> and <code>&رلم;</code> which are both considered equivalent to <code>&rlm;</code> which is a [[w:Right-to-left mark|right-to-left mark]]. (Used when combining right to left languages with left to right languages in the same page.)

== HTML tags and symbol entities displayed themselves (with and without interpreting them) ==

:<tt>&amp;euro;</tt>  → '''&euro;'''

:<tt>Typo to be corrected</tt>  → '''Typo to be corrected'''

:<tt>&lt;span style="color: red; text-decoration: line-through;">Typo to be corrected&lt;/span></tt>  → '''Typo to be corrected'''

=== Nowiki for HTML ===
<<nowiki />nowiki /> can prohibit (HTML) tags:
*<nowiki><<</nowiki>nowiki />pre>  → <<nowiki/>pre>
But ''not'' & symbol escapes:
*&<<nowiki />nowiki />amp;  → &

== Other formatting ==

Beyond the text formatting markup shown above, here are some other formatting references:

* [[Help:Links|Links]]
* [[Help:List|Lists]]
* [[Help:Images|Images]]
* [[Help:Tables|Tables]]

You can find more references at [[Help:Contents]].

{{Languages}}

[[Category:Help|Formatting]]

Help:Range blocks

2012-11-01T04:47:14Z

Jasper Deng: /* Default limitation */ space

{{PD Help Page}}
::''See [[/IPv6]] for information on IPv6 range blocks.''

'''Range blocks''' are technical restrictions applied through [[Special:Block]] to a group of [[w:IP addresses|IP addresses]] that prevent them from editing, creating new accounts, sending email through the wiki interface, et cetera. If you check the box to prevent logged-in users from editing from these IP addresses, edits from registered accounts will also be disabled while they are connecting from the blocked range.

Range blocking is enabled and used on all [[w:Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia]] wikis; if it is not enabled on your wiki, add "<code>{{mediawiki|Manual:$wgSysopRangeBans|$wgSysopRangeBans}} = true;</code>" in <tt>{{mediawiki|Manual:LocalSettings.php|LocalSettings.php}}</tt> (permanently enabled in MediaWiki 1.18.0 and later).

To block an IP range from [[Special:Block]], enter the first IP address in the range followed by a forward slash and a [[w:Classless inter-domain routing|Classless inter-domain routing]] (CIDR) suffix. '''You should avoid performing range blocks unless you understand what you are doing, or you may end up blocking tens of thousands or even millions of people who are not the problem!'''

'''This article mainly discusses [[w:IPv4|IPv4]]; [[w:IPv6|IPv6]] blocks work similarly, but have different implications - see [[/IPv6]].'''
==Non-technical explanation==
IP address are broken up into blocks of numbers. An example of this would be <tt>148.20.57.0</tt> through to <tt>148.20.57.255</tt>. Once it reaches <tt>255</tt> the next number is <tt>148.20.58.0</tt>.

IP addresses can be broken up in to smaller or larger blocks. The smallest practical block is a block of 4. This could be one of the following:

:<tt>148.20.57.0 - 148.20.57.3</tt>, or
:<tt>148.20.57.4 - 148.20.57.7</tt>, or
:<tt>148.20.57.8 - 148.20.57.11</tt>, etc.

Of each block of 4 numbers, only two can be assigned to a computer. The first and last numbers of any block are reserved for network communication. These are level 30 blocks and can be expressed like this:

:<tt>148.20.57.0/30</tt>, or
:<tt>148.20.57.4/30</tt>, or
:<tt>148.20.57.8/30</tt>, etc.

The next largest block is 8. They can be as follows:

:<tt>148.20.57.0 - 148.20.57.7</tt>, or
:<tt>148.20.57.8 - 148.20.57.15</tt>, or
:<tt>148.20.57.16 - 148.20.57.23</tt>, etc.

In this block of 8 numbers only 6 can be assigned to a computer as, once again, the first and last numbers in a block are reserved for specific uses in network communication. These can also be expressed as follows:

:<tt>148.20.57.0/29</tt>, or
:<tt>148.20.57.8/29</tt>, or
:<tt>148.20.57.16/29</tt>, etc.

From this point on, the number of IP addresses in a block continue to double: 16, 32, 64, 128, 256, etc.

:A block of 16 would start <tt>148.20.57.0/28</tt>.
:A block of 32 would start <tt>148.20.57.0/27</tt>.
:A block of 64 would start <tt>148.20.57.0/26</tt>.
:A block of 128 would start <tt>148.20.57.0/25</tt>.
:A block of 256 would start <tt>148.20.57.0/24</tt>.

So if you have an IP address and you want to block the range assigned how do you know which one to use?
Let's say you have a problem with <tt>148.20.57.34</tt>. You can lookup who has this IP address at http://arin.net/whois/?queryinput=148.20.57.34.
Say this tells us that this IP address is assigned, along with a LOT of others in a <tt>/17</tt> range, to the Department of Defense. We certainly don't want to block a large block of the DoD! The rule of thumb is block as little as possible. Only block a range if there is a cluster of IP addresses giving a problem.

There's a calculator that is very useful for this:
http://www.csgnetwork.com/ipinfocalc.html.
Go to this site and enter <code>148.20.57.34</code> into the first set of blanks. Now select Network Prefix Length and enter <code>27</code> (this will give a block of 32 addresses) and click Calculate Network Information. This will show us a block of 32 IP addresses that include <tt>148.20.57.34</tt>. (The first - network - and the last - broadcast - addresses will be displayed along with the usable addresses in the range.) You can use this tool to test ranges to be sure they are what you want before entering the information to initiate the block.

==Technical explanation==
CIDR notation is written as the IP address, a slash, and the CIDR suffix (for example, the IPv4 "<tt>10.2.3.41/24</tt>" or IPv6 "<tt>a3:bc00::/24</tt>"). The CIDR suffix is the number of starting digits every IP address in the range have in common when written in binary.

For example: "<tt>10.10.1.32</tt>" is binary "<tt>00001010.00001010.00000001.00100000</tt>", so <tt>10.10.1.32/27</tt> will match the first 27 digits ("<tt>00001010.00001010.00000001.00100000</tt>"). The IP addresses <tt>10.10.1.32</tt>–<tt>10.10.1.63</tt>, when converted to binary, all have the same 27 first digits and will be blocked if <tt>10.10.1.32/27</tt> is blocked.

As the CIDR suffix increases, the block affects fewer IP addresses (see [[#Table|table of sample ranges]]). CIDR suffixes are not the same for IPv4 addresses as they are for IPv6 addresses; the same CIDR suffix in IPv4 blocks 296=79,228,162,514,264,337,593,543,950,336 times as many addresses in IPv6.

==Calculating the CIDR suffix==
You can use the [[#Table|table of sample ranges]] below to guess the range, use a computer script, or manually calculate the range.

===Conversion to binary===
The first step in manually calculating a range is to convert the first and last IP address to binary representation. (This assumes you're not using a computer script, which can probably calculate the range for you anyway.) An IP address is composed of four groups of eight ones and zeros. Each group represents a number from 0 to 255. To convert a number to binary, you can use a [http://www.ccci.com/tools/subcalc/binary.html reference table] or know the value of each binary digit:

:<tt>Binary digit:   1   1   1   1   1   1   1   1</tt>
:<tt>Value:        128  64  32  16   8   4   2   1</tt>

Proceeding from left to right, fill in <tt>1</tt> if the number is at least that value, and subtract that value (if it's not, fill in <tt>0</tt> and don't subtract). For example, to calculate 240:
# 240 is at least 128, so place <tt>1</tt> and subtract 128.
# 112 (240-128) is at least 64, so place <tt>1</tt> and subtract 64.
# 48 (112-64) is at least 32, so place <tt>1</tt> and subtract 32.
# 16 (48-32) is at least 16, so place <tt>1</tt> and subtract 16.
# Since the remaining value is zero, all the remaining places are <tt>0</tt>.
Thus, 240 is <tt>1111 0000</tt> because it can be represented as 128+64+32+16+0+0+0+0.

===Calculate range===
# Place both IP addresses one atop the other, and count how many starting digits are exactly alike. This is the CIDR suffix.
# Double-check! Being off by one digit could extend your block by thousands of addresses.

The example below calculates the CIDR range between <tt>69.208.0.0</tt> and <tt>69.208.0.255</tt>. Note that this is a simple example; some groups of IP addresses do not so neatly fit CIDR suffixes, and need multiple different-sized blocks to block the exact range.

:IP addresses:
:<tt>  69.208.0.0</tt>
:<tt>  69.208.0.255</tt>

:Convert to binary:
:<tt>  0100 0101.1101 0000.0000 0000.0000 0000</tt>
:<tt>  0100 0101.1101 0000.0000 0000.1111 1111</tt>

:Count identical first numbers:
:<tt>  '''0100 0101.1101 0000.0000 0000'''.0000 0000</tt>
:<tt>  '''0100 0101.1101 0000.0000 0000'''.1111 1111</tt>
:<tt>  |____________________________|</tt>
:<tt>            24 digits</tt>

:CIDR range:
:<tt>  69.208.0.0/24</tt>

===Table of sample ranges===
The table below shows the IPv4 blocks each CIDR suffix affects. Note that MediaWiki only supports blocking CIDR suffixes 16–32 in IPv4 and 64–128 in IPv6 by default (subject to [[manual:$wgBlockCIDRLimit|$wgBlockCIDRLimit]]). See [[/IPv6]] for an IPv6 range table.
{| class="wikitable" align=center
! CIDR
! Start Range
! End Range
! Total addresses
! Bits selected in IP address
|- style="color:gray;"
| <tt>69.208.0.0'''/0'''</tt>
| <tt>0.0.0.0</tt>
| <tt>255.255.255.255</tt>
| align=right | 4,294,967,296
| <tt>********.********.********.********</tt>
|- style="color:gray;"
| <tt>69.208.0.0'''/1'''</tt>
| <tt>0.0.0.0</tt>
| <tt>127.255.255.255</tt>
| align=right | 2,147,483,648
| <tt>0*******.********.********.********</tt>
|- style="color:gray;"
| <tt>69.208.0.0'''/4'''</tt>
| <tt>64.0.0.0</tt>
| <tt>79.255.255.255</tt>
| align=right | 268,435,456
| <tt>0100****.********.********.********</tt>
|- style="color:gray;"
| <tt>69.208.0.0'''/8'''</tt>
| <tt>69.0.0.0</tt>
| <tt>69.255.255.255</tt>
| align=right | 16,777,216
| <tt>01000101.********.********.********</tt>
|- style="color:gray;"
| <tt>69.208.0.0'''/11'''</tt>
| <tt>69.192.0.0</tt>
| <tt>69.223.255.255</tt>
| align=right | 2,097,152
| <tt>01000101.110*****.********.********</tt>
|- style="color:gray;"
| <tt>69.208.0.0'''/12'''</tt>
| <tt>69.208.0.0</tt>
| <tt>69.223.255.255</tt>
| align=right | 1,048,576
| <tt>01000101.1101****.********.********</tt>
|- style="color:gray;"
| <tt>69.208.0.0'''/13'''</tt>
| <tt>69.208.0.0</tt>
| <tt>69.215.255.255</tt>
| align=right | 524,288
| <tt>01000101.11010***.********.********</tt>
|- style="color:gray;"
| <tt>69.208.0.0'''/14'''</tt>
| <tt>69.208.0.0</tt>
| <tt>69.211.255.255</tt>
| align=right | 262,144
| <tt>01000101.110100**.********.********</tt>
|- style="color:gray;"
| <tt>69.208.0.0'''/15'''</tt>
| <tt>69.208.0.0</tt>
| <tt>69.209.255.255</tt>
| align=right | 131,072
| <tt>01000101.1101000*.********.********</tt>
|-
| <tt>69.208.0.0'''/16'''</tt>
| <tt>69.208.0.0</tt>
| <tt>69.208.255.255</tt>
| align=right | 65,536
| <tt>01000101.11010000.********.********</tt>
|-
| <tt>69.208.0.0'''/17'''</tt>
| <tt>69.208.0.0</tt>
| <tt>69.208.127.255</tt>
| align=right | 32,768
| <tt>01000101.11010000.0*******.********</tt>
|-
| <tt>69.208.0.0'''/18'''</tt>
| <tt>69.208.0.0</tt>
| <tt>69.208.63.255</tt>
| align=right | 16,384
| <tt>01000101.11010000.00******.********</tt>
|-
| <tt>69.208.0.0'''/19'''</tt>
| <tt>69.208.0.0</tt>
| <tt>69.208.31.255</tt>
| align=right | 8,192
| <tt>01000101.11010000.000*****.********</tt>
|-
| <tt>69.208.0.0'''/20'''</tt>
| <tt>69.208.0.0</tt>
| <tt>69.208.15.255</tt>
| align=right | 4,096
| <tt>01000101.11010000.0000****.********</tt>
|-
| <tt>69.208.0.0'''/21'''</tt>
| <tt>69.208.0.0</tt>
| <tt>69.208.7.255</tt>
| align=right | 2,048
| <tt>01000101.11010000.00000***.********</tt>
|-
| <tt>69.208.0.0'''/22'''</tt>
| <tt>69.208.0.0</tt>
| <tt>69.208.3.255</tt>
| align=right | 1,024
| <tt>01000101.11010000.000000**.********</tt>
|-
| <tt>69.208.0.0'''/23'''</tt>
| <tt>69.208.0.0</tt>
| <tt>69.208.1.255</tt>
| align=right | 512
| <tt>01000101.11010000.0000000*.********</tt>
|-
| <tt>69.208.0.0'''/24'''</tt>
| <tt>69.208.0.0</tt>
| <tt>69.208.0.255</tt>
| align=right | 256
| <tt>01000101.11010000.00000000.********</tt>
|-
| <tt>69.208.0.0'''/25'''</tt>
| <tt>69.208.0.0</tt>
| <tt>69.208.0.127</tt>
| align=right | 128
| <tt>01000101.11010000.00000000.0*******</tt>
|-
| <tt>69.208.0.0'''/26'''</tt>
| <tt>69.208.0.0</tt>
| <tt>69.208.0.63</tt>
| align=right | 64
| <tt>01000101.11010000.00000000.00******</tt>
|-
| <tt>69.208.0.0'''/27'''</tt>
| <tt>69.208.0.0</tt>
| <tt>69.208.0.31</tt>
| align=right | 32
| <tt>01000101.11010000.00000000.000*****</tt>
|-
| <tt>69.208.0.0'''/28'''</tt>
| <tt>69.208.0.0</tt>
| <tt>69.208.0.15</tt>
| align=right | 16
| <tt>01000101.11010000.00000000.0000****</tt>
|-
| <tt>69.208.0.0'''/29'''</tt>
| <tt>69.208.0.0</tt>
| <tt>69.208.0.7</tt>
| align=right | 8
| <tt>01000101.11010000.00000000.00000***</tt>
|-
| <tt>69.208.0.0'''/30'''</tt>
| <tt>69.208.0.0</tt>
| <tt>69.208.0.3</tt>
| align=right | 4
| <tt>01000101.11010000.00000000.000000**</tt>
|-
| <tt>69.208.0.0'''/31'''</tt>
| <tt>69.208.0.0</tt>
| <tt>69.208.0.1</tt>
| align=right | 2
| <tt>01000101.11010000.00000000.0000000*</tt>
|-
| <tt>69.208.0.0'''/32'''</tt>
| <tt>69.208.0.0</tt>
| <tt>69.208.0.0</tt>
| align=right | 1
| <tt>01000101.11010000.00000000.00000000</tt>
|}

==Default limitation==
The default MediaWiki installation limits range blocks to no more than /16 IPv4 rangeblocks. To block larger ranges [[Manual:$wgBlockCIDRLimit|$wgBlockCIDRLimit]] needs to be set accordingly in [[Manual:LocalSettings.php|LocalSettings.php]].

==References==
* [[wikipedia:Classless Inter-Domain Routing|Classless Inter-Domain Routing]]

==External links==
* [http://www.find-ip-address.org/ip-country/ IP Address Ranges Block] gives you complete IP ranges for certain countries.
* [http://apps.csc.fi/laskin2.html Netmask calculator] which helps in making the correct decision for range blocks.
* [http://cidrcalculator.com/ IP CIDR Calculator]
* [[tools:~chm/blockcalc.php|Rangeblock-Calculator]] gives you the range you should use when blocking.

{{Languages|Help:Range blocks}}

[[Category:Help|Range blocks]]
[[Category:Block|Range blocks]]

Help:Deleting a page

2012-10-03T06:17:08Z

Jasper Deng: /* Deletion itself */ the single quotes are unnecessary

{{#ifexist: Template:PD Help Page/{{SUBPAGENAME}}|{{PD Help Page/{{SUBPAGENAME}}}}|{{PD Help Page}}}}

== When not to delete a page ==
Typically you would delete a page if the contents are entirely inappropriate and do not match the purposes of the Wiki. In other situations, you would take a less extreme course of action, for example:

* The page should have a different title -- See [[Help:Moving a page]]
* The contents should have been placed on a different page -- Add the contents to the other page, and then supply a redirect. See [[Help:Redirects]]
* The contents are already on a different page -- Delete the duplicate content and leave a redirect. That way, the page title, which made sense to somebody, will helpfully redirect to the information. See [[Help:Redirects]]
* The page is out-of-date -- Re-word sentences to be in the past tense, to make the page an historical record. Alternatively, label the information as out-of-date, with a warning notice.

An actual delete is generally necessary only if the ''title'' of the page is inappropriate. In other situations, a merge and redirect is more appropriate.

=== Proposing changes ===
Deciding on appropriate content/page titles can be a difficult aspect of Wiki organization, and one which can often provoke debates. If the merge or deletion you have in mind is one which might cause upset, you should propose the change first. Do this by leaving a note to give your reasons on the [[Help:Talk pages|talk page]]. You might also establish a system for labeling the page with a delete/merge proposal template, to make everybody aware of your intentions.

=== Unlinking a page ===
The 'What links here' toolbox feature (bottom of left sidebar) will tell you which other Wiki pages link to the current page. Always use this feature to check before proceeding with deleting. These related pages will need to be edited for their links to reflect the change.

== Deletion itself ==
'''Normal users cannot permanently delete a Wiki page'''. This is a deliberate design feature, and is an important part of why wikis work. Every kind of editing operation can be reverted by any other user, and that includes resurrecting deleted content. It doesn't cause significant wasted space; and with nothing but a 'delete' label, the page is effectively deleted anyway.

[[Help:Sysops and permissions|Sysops]] users ''are'' able to delete a page semi-permanently. See [[Help:Sysop deleting and undeleting]]. Typically sysops might look for delete labels, and do a proper delete on these pages, after a period of time. If for some reason you need a page to be deleted more quickly than that, you will need to contact a sysop to request this.

==See also==
* [[Help:Sysops and permissions]]

{{Languages|Help:Deleting a page}}

{{Help/Category|Help}}

Help:Blocking users

2012-06-01T03:37:55Z

Jasper Deng: /* Blocking */ not true

{{PD Help Page}}
'''Blocking users''' is an action that [[Help:Sysops and permissions|sysops]] can perform upon users or IP addresses to prevent them from editing the wiki.

==Blocking==
Blocking users is fairly straightforward. Visit [[Special:BlockIP]] and follow these steps:

# '''IP Address or username''': Enter in the username, IP address, or [[Help:Range blocks|IP range]] to block in the "User" field. If blocking an account, make sure to check the spelling since nonexistent users can be blocked as well. Instead of typing this information in manually, it is also possible to click on a "block" link in recent changes, contributions pages, or history pages, which will automatically fill in this field with the appropriate username or IP address. A "Block this user" link is also present in the toolbox when viewing User and User talk pages.
# '''Expiration''': Select when the block should expire from the drop-down, or manually type in an expiration time of the block. When manually typing in a time, follow the [http://www.gnu.org/software/tar/manual/html_node/Date-input-formats.html GNU standard format]. The default options in the drop-down may be modified at [[MediaWiki:Ipboptions]].
# '''Reason (optional)''': The reason selected from the drop-down combined with the other/additional reason specified will be used as the message displayed to the blocked user when they try to edit. The default reasons in the drop-down may be modified at [[MediaWiki:Ipbreason-dropdown]].
# '''Select additional block options (optional)''': Depending on if a username or IP is being blocked and other options that may have been enabled, some or all of these options will be displayed on the form. Please see {{mediawiki|Manual:Block and unblock#Configuration settings related to blocking}} for information of how to enable or disable some of the following options.
#* ''Block anonymous users only'': This option is only available when blocking an IP address. When selected, registered users who try to edit using a blocked IP address will still be able to edit. Otherwise, they will be unable to edit as well.
#* ''Prevent account creation'': Selecting this option will prevent the blocked username or IP address from creating new accounts.
#* ''Automatically block the last IP address used by this user, and any subsequent IPs they try to edit from'': This option is only available when blocking a username. When selected, the user's IP will become "autoblocked" (these show up as numbers such as #17 on [[Special:IPBlockList|the active block list]]) for a short period of time and any other IP addresses that the blocked user tries to edit from will be blocked as well.
#* ''Prevent this user from editing their own talk page while blocked'': This option is only available if [[Manual:$wgBlockAllowsUTEdit|$wgBlockAllowsUTEdit]] is set to true; it is not by default. Selecting this option prevents the IP address, range, or user from editing their own user talk page.
#* ''Prevent user from sending e-mail'': When this option is selected, the user will be unable to use the [[Special:EmailUser]] interface. If an IP address or range is blocked with this option, and it is not set for anonymous users only, accounts logged in from that IP address or range are unable to use Special:EmailUser.
#* ''Hide username from the block log, active block list and user list'': When selected, the blocked username or IP address will not be added to the [[Special:Log/block|block log]], the [[Special:IPBlockList|active block list]], or the [[Special:ListUsers|user list]]. Other users with the ability to view these hidden entries will still be able to see and unblock the username or IP address. This option is not enabled in a default installation of MediaWiki; the person putting the block in place must have the ''hideuser'' permission. See {{mediawiki|Manual:User_rights|Manual:User rights}}.
#* ''Watch this user's user and talk pages'': When selected, this adds the blocked user's user page and user talk page to your watchlist.
# Double-check everything you entered and click on '''Block this user'''. A message should appear saying if the block was successful or unsuccessful.

==Unblocking==
To unblock a username or IP address, go to the [[Special:IPBlockList|active block list]] and click on the (unblock) link next to the user or IP you wish to unblock. Then, enter in an optional reason and click on the unblock button. A message should appear saying if the unblock was successful or unsuccessful.

==What it means to be blocked==
Blocked users are unable to [[Help:Editing pages|edit pages]], [[Help:Managing files|upload files]], [[Help:Moving a page|move pages]], and perform other actions that additional {{mediawiki|Manual:User_rights|user rights}} would grant. Effectively, this makes the wiki read only for those users. Until MediaWiki 1.17, sysops or others with access to the unblocking interface may still unblock others (as well as themselves if they have the unblockself right). However, since MediaWiki 1.17, blocked users who are in user groups that allow them to block nevertheless may not block or unblock other users while blocked.

==See Also==
*{{mediawiki|Manual:Block and unblock}}

{{Languages|Help:Blocking users}}
[[Category:Help|Blocking users]]
[[Category:Block|Blocking users]]

Help:Sysop deleting and undeleting

2012-04-13T18:42:29Z

Jasper Deng: Rejected the last text change (by Damian Yerrick) and restored revision 517054 by Jasper Deng: Not necessarily true

{{PD Help Page}}
'''Deleting a page''' is a straightforward operation for anyone with [[Help:Sysops and permissions|sysop permissions]]. Users without such permissions can still remove text from wiki pages, or propose/request that a page should be deleted. See [[Help:Deleting a page]].

== Before deleting ==
Sysops should also be aware of the general advice given on [[Help:Deleting a page]]. (It should be noted that, in particular, there are many situations where a deleting is too drastic. For example, a redirect is often more appropriate).

Before deleting you could perform various checks:
* Use the "What links here" tool. This gives an indication as to how important a page is, and what subjects it relates to. Perhaps the page is still linked to prominently from many places. All incoming links will become red links if you proceed with the delete. Ideally all incoming links should be changed/removed, if there is genuinely no need for this page to exist. You could do this work prior to deleting, or ask others in the wiki community to do it.
* Check the page history and the associated talk page. Who was proposing the deletion? Does anyone disagree? Has it been properly discussed? Did people have adequate time to raise objections? Did somebody vandalise a page, which then led to a deletion proposal?

The care taken over these things might depend on the size of the wiki community, and how clear-cut the case for deletion is. Remember that only sysop users can undo a delete action, so to a normal user the information appears to be lost forever.

== Use the 'delete' action ==
Sysops should see a 'delete' tab or action menu option at the top of every page. Click this to delete the page. When using browsers which support keyboard shortcuts, you can also use (''Control-Alt-D''). You will be asked to confirm, and to supply a "Reason for deletion". This is a short textual description of why the page is being deleted. Your action will appear on the recent changes display, and in the deletion log ([[Special:Log]]).

== Undeleting ==
To undelete a page you must navigate to the exact page name of the page. You can find this in the deletion log ([[Special:Log]]) if you dont remember it.

You should then see a link to "View or restore n deleted edits". Tick the box next to the revision you wish to restore.

==Configuring deletion reasons==
The list of reasons in the dropdown box is maintained at [[MediaWiki:Deletereason-dropdown]].
==See also==
*[[Help:RevisionDelete]] - optional feature that must be enabled, see [[Manual:RevisionDelete]]
*[[Extension:Oversight]]
{{languages|Help:Sysop deleting and undeleting}}
[[Category:Help|Sysop deleting and undeleting]]

Help:Navigation

2012-04-07T20:33:53Z

Jasper Deng: all of it is about MonoBook

{{PD Help Page}}
When viewing any page on {{SITENAME}}, you'll find three main navigation elements:
# The [[#Sidebar|sidebar]] gives you access to important pages in the wiki such as [[Help:Recent changes|Recent changes]] or [[Help:Managing files|Upload file]]. MediaWiki requires you to log in before seeing all of the sidebar options.
# Links (often called [[#Page Tabs|tabs]]) which relate to the page currently displayed: its associated discussion page, the version history, and—most notably—the edit link.
# [[#User Links|User links]]; as an anonymous user, you'll see a link to create an account or log in. As a logged-in user you have a collection of personal links, including ones to your user page and [[Help:Preferences|preferences]].
This page mainly documents the MonoBook [[Manual:Skins|skin]]. Appearances may be different when using a skin other than MonoBook.
== Sidebar ==
[[Image:M-en-sidebar.png|framed|right|Example sidebar, shown on the left of the page]]
The sidebar is displayed on the left edge of the page below the site logo (if using the default MonoBook skin). This sidebar gives you access to important pages in the wiki such as Recent Changes or Upload File.

=== Navigation ===
Clicking on the logo brings you back to the main page of the wiki. The links in the navigation section just below will take you to important pages of the wiki. These links can be configured by site administrators.

=== Toolbox ===
The {{lcfirst:{{int:toolbox}}}} contains a selection of links which change depending on what type of page you are viewing.

;On all pages (except special pages):
:* “{{int:whatlinkshere}}” takes you to a special page that lists the pages on this wiki which contain a link to the current page. This is helpful when you are looking for pages of related information. The “{{lcfirst:{{int:whatlinkshere}}}}” information can also be useful when you are refactoring wiki pages and need to check whether links to this page are still relevant after changes in the current page.
:* The “{{lcfirst:{{int:recentchangeslinked}}}}” tool lists all recent changes in the pages linked to from the current page. Recent changes to all relevant template pages are included in the resulting page list. The "Hide minor edits" option that can be set in the user [[Help:Preferences|preferences]] applies, among other things, to “{{lcfirst:{{int:recentchangeslinked}}}}”.
:
;On all pages (including special pages):
:* “{{int:upload}}” displays a special page that allows logged-in users to upload images and other files to the wiki. Uploaded files can be linked from or embedded in wiki pages. ''Uploading files, viewing files on the server, including them in wiki pages and managing the uploaded files is discussed in the [[Help:Managing files|managing files]] section of this manual.'' This is not displayed if file uploading is not enabled.
:* The “{{lcfirst:{{int:specialpages}}}}” tool lists the MediaWiki special pages. In MediaWiki terminology, a special page is one that presents information about the Wiki and/or allows access to administration activities for the wiki. For example, a list of users registered with the wiki, statistics about the wiki such as the number of pages and number of page edits, system logs, a list of orphaned pages, and so on. These special pages are commonly generated when the special page is loaded rather than being stored in the wiki database. ''The function and use of the default special pages can be found in the [[Help:Special pages|special pages]] section of this manual.''

== Page Tabs ==
[[Image:M-en-pagetabs.png|framed|right|Default page tabs at the top of the page]]
The page tabs are displayed at the top of the page to the right of the site logo (if using the default MonoBook skin). These tabs allow you to perform actions or view pages that are related to the current page. The available default actions include: viewing, editing, and discussing the current page. The specific tabs displayed on your pages depend on whether or not you are logged into the wiki and whether you have sysop (administrator) privileges on the wiki. On special pages only the namespace tab is displayed.

;Default for all users
:* “[[Help:Namespaces|namespace]]” (page, help, special page, template, user page etc.)
:* “{{lcfirst:{{int:talk}}}}”
:* “{{lcfirst:{{int:edit}}}}” (may read “{{lcfirst:{{int:viewsource}}}}” if anonymous editing is disabled, the page is in the MediaWiki: namespace, or the page is protected)
:* “{{lcfirst:{{int:history_short}}}}”
:
;Extra tabs for logged-in users:
:* “{{lcfirst:{{int:move}}}}”
:* “{{lcfirst:{{int:watch}}}}”
:
;Extra tabs for sysops:
:* “{{lcfirst:{{int:protect}}}}”
:* “{{lcfirst:{{int:delete}}}}”

Administrators can {{Mediawiki|FAQ#How_do_I_add.2Fremove_tabs_throughout_my_wiki.3F|add or remove tabs}} by using JavaScript or installing extensions, so the tabs you see may be different depending on which wiki you are using.

== User Links ==
[[Image:M-en-userlinks.png|framed|right|Default user links at the top right of the page]]
The user links are displayed at the top far right of the page (if using the default MonoBook skin). These tabs allow the logged-in user to view and edit their user page and wiki preferences. Additionally, the user links allow the user to quickly access their contributions to the wiki and logout.

For anonymous users the user links is replaced by a link to the wiki login page or, if enabled, a link to your IP address and your IP address's talk page.

; “<username>”
: This links to your user page which is where you can put information about yourself, store bits of information you want to remember or whatever else you fancy.
; “{{lcfirst:{{int:mytalk}}}}”
: This links to your discussion page, where people can leave messages for you.
; “{{lcfirst:{{int:mypreferences}}}}”
: Allows you to change your personal site preferences.
; “{{lcfirst:{{int:mywatchlist}}}}”
: A list of all pages that you are watching. Pages can be added to this list by clicking “{{lcfirst:{{int:watch}}}}” at the top of the page.
; “{{lcfirst:{{int:mycontris}}}}”
: A list of all contributions you have made to the wiki.
; “{{lcfirst:{{int:logout}}}}”
: Click this link to log out of the wiki.

{{Languages|Help:Navigation}}
[[Category:Help|Navigation]]

File:Example.jpg

2012-04-07T20:14:28Z

Jasper Deng: Changed protection level for "File:Example.jpg": The actual point of protecting this image is to prevent test uploads. (‎[edit=sysop] (indefinite) ‎[move=sysop] (indefinite) ‎[upload=sysop] (indefinite))

----
Note: This image is used as the example image when you use the edit toolbar (English default installation of MediaWiki).
----
* '''Description:''' Sunflowers in Fargo, North Dakota, U.S.
* '''Source:''' [http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/k5751-1.htm www.ars.usda.gov] (cropped and reworked a bit)
* '''Author:''' Bruce Fritz
* '''Licensing:''' ''This image is in the '''public domain''' because it contains materials that originally came from the Agricultural Research Service, the research agency of the United States Department of Agriculture.''

{{PD}}
[[Category:Documentation examples]]